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- balanced equation
- A representation of a chemical reaction that has values of the stoichiometric coefficients of reactants and products such that the numbers of atoms of each element is the same before and after the reaction.
- balancing an equation
- Determining those values of the stoichiometric coefficients of reactants and products in a chemical equation that make the numbers of atoms of each element the same before and after the reaction.
- band theory
- A description of the electronic structure in metals and semiconductors using molecular orbital theory.
- barometer
- A device for measuring the pressure of the atmosphere.
- base
- In Arrhenius theory, a species that dissociates to produce hydroxide ions. In Bronsted-Lowry theory, a hydrogen ion acceptor. In Lewis theory, a species that donates a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond.
- base dissociation constant
- The equilibrium constant for the reaction in which a weak base reacts with water to form its conjugate acid and hydroxide ion. Also called base ionization constant.
- base ionization constant
- The equilibrium constant for the ionization of a weak base. Also called base dissociation constant.
- basic anhydride
- A species (often a metal oxide) that reacts with water to form a base.
- battery
- A voltaic cell, or a series of such cells connected together, used to produce electricity.
- bcc
- Abbreviation for body-centered cubic; a lattice structure having one atom in the center and one atom at each corner of a cube.
- becquerel
- The SI unit of radioactive disintegration; one disintegration per second; abbreviated Bq.
- beta particle
- A particle equivalent to an electron formed by radioactive decay or nuclear bombardment.
- bidentate
- Referring to a ligand attached through two atoms to a central metal ion.
- bimolecular process
- In a reaction mechanism, an elementary step in which two species collide.
- binary acid
- Compounds which can behave as acids and that contain only one element other than hydrogen.
- binary compound
- A compound containing two elements.
- binding energy
- The energy released as particles are brought together to form a nucleus; also called nuclear binding energy.
- body-centered cubic
- A lattice structure having one atom in the center and one atom at each corner of a cube; abbreviated bcc.
- boiling
- The process of a liquid becoming vapor in which bubbles of vapor form beneath the surface of the liquid.
- boiling point
- The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid reaches atmospheric pressure.
- boiling point elevation
- The increase in the boiling point of a liquid as a result of the presence of a solute.
- bomb calorimeter
- A sturdy, rigid device for measuring the heat released or absorbed during a chemical reaction run under conditions of constant volume.
- bond angle
- The angle formed by lines drawn between nuclei joined by bonds.
- bond dissociation energy
- The energy required to sever the bond between two atoms.
- bond length
- The distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms.
- bond order
- An indication of the bond strength expressed in terms of molecular orbital theory; half the difference between the number of electrons in antibonding molecular orbitals and the number of electrons in bonding molecular orbitals.
- bonding molecular orbital
- An orbital formed by the overlap of atomic orbitals that reinforce each other; lower in energy than an anti-bonding molecular orbital and lower in energy than the average energy of the atomic orbitals from which it is formed.
- bonding pair
- A pair of electrons between atoms joined by a covalent bond.
- Born-Haber cycle
- A description of the relationship among the lattice energy, ionization energy, electron affinity, and heats of atomization of ionic compounds; used to calculate any one of these quantities from the others.
- Boyle's law
- The statement that the volume of a sample of gas is inversely proportional to the pressure of the gas (at constant temperature).
- Bq
- Abbreviation for becquerel; the SI unit of radioactive disintegration; one disintegration per second.
- breeder reactor
- A nuclear reactor designed to produce nuclear fuel as it produces energy.
- Bronsted-Lowry acid
- A species that behaves as a proton donor.
- Bronsted-Lowry acid-base theory
- The idea that acids can be described as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors.
- Bronsted-Lowry base
- A species that behaves as a proton acceptor.
- buffer
- A solution that absorbs added acid or base while changing little in pH.
- buffer capacity
- The extent to which a buffer solution can absorb the added acid or base while changing little in pH.
- buffer solution
- A solution that absorbs added acid or base while changing little in pH.
- by-product
- A product of a chemical reaction other than the intended or desired one(s).
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