Co-Authored by Dean J. Campbell*, Kayla Lippincott*
*Mund-Lagowski Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bradley University, Peoria, Illinois
The illness produced by the spread of COVID-19 in human populations has previously been modeled by chemical demonstrations involving the iron oxide-catalyzed decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to produce oxygen gas foam and the addition of Mentos candies to Diet Coke to produce carbon dioxide gas foam. The purpose of those demonstrations was to illustrate “flattening the curve” by social distancing.
Here, these demonstrations have been adapted to include other public health protection measures such as vaccination or mask-wearing, by replacing reactive objects in the demonstrations with similar but unreactive objects. For example, rusty iron beads representing unvaccinated individuals can be replaced with glass beads representing vaccinated individuals, and Mentos representing unvaccinated individuals can be replaced with Junior Mints representing vaccinated individuals. These simple experiments are best used as stand-alone demonstrations, and links to videos are included in this writeup.
Introduction
In response to the current global COVID-19 pandemic, we developed two chemistry demonstrations to illustrate “flattening the curve” by social distancing.1-3 In the first demonstration, iron oxide rust was used to catalytically decompose soapy hydrogen peroxide4 into water and oxygen gas, which produced a foam.
2 H2O2 (aq) à O2 (g) + 2 H2O (l)
The hydrogen peroxide was used as an analogy for social interactions, where large congregations of people were represented by high hydrogen peroxide concentration. Large congregations of people have more human interactions, which could be represented by more collisions and faster production of foam within solutions with higher hydrogen peroxide concentration. Decreased hydrogen peroxide concentrations represented decreased human population concentrations from social distancing, and produced oxygen gas foam at a slower rate. In the second demonstration, Mentos candies were added to a bottle of Diet Coke, causing carbon dioxide foam to escape the bottle:5,6
CO2 (aq) à CO2 (g)
More Mentos represented a greater number of social gatherings. More candies added to a bottle of Diet Coke produced more foam in a shorter period of time. Both of these demonstrations served to illustrate the role of social distancing in the battle against COVID-19. With vaccines finally entering this battle, we found it worth revisiting these demonstrations to see how they could represent the impact of this public health protection strategy. Vaccines and related strategies have been in use for hundreds of years,7 but are still being viewed with skepticism. These demonstrations do not demonstrate the mechanisms of vaccines themselves, but are rather analogies to their potential effect on a population. In these analogies, gas production still represents illness, but this time people are represented by objects added to the solutions which either enable gas production (unvaccinated individuals) or do not enable gas production (vaccinated individuals).
Bubbly BBs and Vaccinated Mentos
EXPERIMENTAL
Catalytic Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide using Rusty BBs
A successful demonstration was run using the following materials:
- aqueous H2O2 (e.g., 3% can be purchased from local pharmacies or grocery stores)
- aqueous H2SO4 (e.g., 1 M concentration)
- liquid soap (e.g. Dawn dish soap)
- 150 rusted iron BBs (rusted as described in Reference 3)
- 150 glass spheres of approximately the same diameter as the BBs
- three 100 mL graduated cylinders
For the demonstration used in the video below, 20 mL of 3% H2O2 solution, 3 mL of 1 M H2SO4 solution, and a drop of Dawn dish soap were added into each of three graduated cylinders. The leftmost cylinder had 100 rusty BBs, the middle cylinder had 50 rusty BBs and 50 glass spheres, and the rightmost cylinder had 100 glass spheres. After about 10-15 minutes, the foam rises up out of the graduated cylinder containing the 100 catalytically-active rusty BBs, as shown in time-lapse in Video 1. By contrast, no foam rises in the graduated cylinder containing the 100 catalytically-inactive glass spheres. The response of the cylinder containing the 50 rusty BBs and the 50 glass spheres is intermediate – the foam rises, but much more slowly, and might not ever rise up out of the cylinder.
See Video 1 for a time-lapse movie of this experiment:
Video 1: Vaccination benefits illustrated with rusty and glass spheres in soapy hydrogen peroxide, Chem Demos YouTube Channel, (accessed 1/30/21)
Demonstration using the Diet Coke and Mentos Experiment
A successful demonstration was also run using the following materials:
- plastic bottle containing soda (e.g., 500 mL of Diet Coke)
- 1 Mentos candy
- 3 Junior Mints candies
- 2 Mentos launch tubes (e.g., Steve Spangler Science Geyser Tube8)
For the demonstration used in the video below, the cap was removed from the 500 mL bottle of Diet Coke, and a launch tube containing two Junior Mints candies was added. The trigger was pulled and the Junior Mints fell into the soda. Some carbon dioxide bubbles rose, but not near enough to create a soda geyser out of the tube. When this small amount of bubbling subsided, the emptied launch tube was replaced with a new launch tube containing one Junior Mints and one Mentos candy. The trigger was pulled and the candies fell into the soda. This time, carbon dioxide foam was produced which rose up and out of the launch tube.
See Video 2 for a movie of this experiment:
Video 2: Vaccination benefits illustrated with Mentos and Junior Mints in Diet Coke, Chem Demos YouTube Channel, (accessed 1/30/21)
DISCUSSION
"it was suggested that the demonstrations could be shown to students with a minimum of explanations, and then the students could be prompted to describe, with guidance, the strengths and limitations of these analogies."
Both of the demonstrations presented here attempt to use a chemical system to model, with limitations, human interactions and the spread of illness. The demonstrations are based on the similarity between the chemical kinetics principle that more reactive species produce a greater chemical reaction rate, and the idea that fewer protective measures in a population subjected to infectious disease will produce more illness. In the case of COVID-19, these protective measures not only include vaccination, but also mask-wearing and social distancing. In our previous write-up on this topic,3 it was suggested that the demonstrations could be shown to students with a minimum of explanations, and then the students could be prompted to describe, with guidance, the strengths and limitations of these analogies. This pedagogy would apply to these demonstrations as well.
In the hydrogen peroxide demonstration, the rusty iron BBs represent the unvaccinated portion of the population and the glass spheres represent the vaccinated portion of the population. The acidic soapy hydrogen peroxide solution represents exposure to COVID-19 and the foam represents illness. The graduated cylinders represent the capacity of the healthcare system to handle the illness. For 100 rusty spheres, the foam produced exceeds the capacity of the graduated cylinder, representing a population that is completely unprotected by vaccination that produces illness that exceeds the capacity of the healthcare system. For 50 rusty spheres and 50 glass spheres, the foam rises in the cylinder much more slowly, representing a population that is only partially protected by vaccination that still produces illness and does not exceed the capacity of the healthcare system. For 100 glass spheres, no foam is produced, representing a population that is completely protected by vaccination and therefore does not produce illness. A variation of this demonstration can also be performed in a sequential manner with one graduated cylinder. The hydrogen peroxide, sulfuric acid, and dish soap are added to the cylinder as before, and then the glass beads are added. After a time of no foam production (even on the order of days), the rusty beads are added, and the foam rises up in the cylinder.
The analogy is very similar for the Diet Coke and Mentos experiment. The Mentos represent the unvaccinated portion of the population, whereas the Junior Mints represent the vaccinated portion of the population. The 500 mL Diet Coke represents exposure to COVID-19, and as above, the foam represents illness. The Mentos drop tube represents capacity of healthcare system to handle the illness. For two Junior Mints, typically only little foam is produced, representing a population that is largely protected by vaccination that does not produce much illness. For a Junior Mint and a Mentos candy added to the same bottle, more foam is produced, representing a population that is only partially protected by vaccination that produces sufficient illness to overwhelm the healthcare system for that population. Fortunately for this demonstration, Junior Mints (~2.6 g each) and Mentos (~2.8 g each) are similar in shape and size. The chocolate coating of the Junior Mints lacks the same ability of the Mentos to nucleate bubbles in carbonated solution. Mentos coated with spray paint will also resist bubble formation. Individually-wrapped Mentos float at the surface of the Diet Coke and cause little foaming, though they require the push of a pencil to get them through the Mentos drop tube, as shown in Video 3 below. Simply dropping the objects into carbonated solutions can produce bubbles, through tribonucleation.9 For example, six Junior Mints produced sufficient foam to come out of the Mentos launcher. However, the surfaces of Mentos produce bubbles at a much greater rate than most surfaces that are not Mentos.
Video 3: Vaccination benefits illustrated with free Mentos and individually wrapped Mentos in Diet Coke, Chem Demos YouTube Channel, (accessed 2/1/21)
Beyond the public health message associated with these demonstrations, there are chemical principles to be illustrated. For example, the objects added to the solution could be thought of as sites on the surface of a heterogeneous catalyst. Objects which promote bubbling represent catalytically active sites; objects which do not promote bubbling portray catalytically inactive sites. Objects that promote bubbling increase the rate of reaction, illustrating that more reactive sites are desirable for faster catalysts. Exchanging reactive objects for unreactive objects between demonstration trials is also reminiscent of poisoning a catalyst. If the unreactive objects are painted rusty BBs or painted Mentos the connection is perhaps even more obvious.
SAFETY
All reagent containers should be clearly labeled. Proper personal protective equipment such as goggles should be used, ESPECIALLY considering vertically rising foams can be produced. Avoid spilling reagents on clothing. Avoid skin contact and wear nitrile gloves while working with hydrogen peroxide. Always wash your hands after completing the demonstrations. A tray or plastic sheet can be placed under the demonstrations to help contain spilled materials.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported by Bradley University and the Mund-Lagowski Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry with additional support from the Illinois Heartland Section of the American Chemical Society and the Illinois Space Grant Consortium. We also thank Deanna Cullen and Tom Kuntzleman for their great suggestions and work on this article, which deals with a very important and time-sensitive issue.
REFERENCES
1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim Pre-pandemic Planning Guidance: Community Strategy for Pandemic Influenza Mitigation in the United States (accessed Jan 2021)
2. Hatchett, R. J.; Mecher, C. E.; Lipsitch, M. Centers, Public health interventions and epidemic intensity during the 1918 influenza pandemic, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. [Online], 2007, 104, 7582-7587 (accessed Jan 2021)
3. Campbell, D. J.; Kraft, C.; Lippincott, K.; Rosengarten, E.; Kuntzleman, T. S. “Chemical Illustrations of Flattening the Curve, ChemEd X, March 22, 2020 (accessed Jan 2021)
4. Lin, S. S.; Gurol, M. D.; Catalytic Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide on Iron Oxide: Kinetics, Mechanism, and Implications. Environ. Sci. Technol. [Online], 1998, 32, 1417-1423 (accessed Jan 2021)
5. Kuntzleman et. al, Kinetic Modeling of and Effect of Candy Additives on the Candy-Cola Soda Geyser: Experiments for Elementary School Science through Physical Chemistry, J. Chem. Educ., 2020, 97, 283–288 (accessed Jan 2021)
6. Kuntzleman, T. S.; Davenport, L. S.; Cothran, V. I.; Kuntzleman, J. T.; Campbell, D., New Demonstrations and New Insights on the Mechanism of the Candy-Cola Soda Geyser J. Chem. Educ. 2017, 94, 569–576 (accessed Jan 2021)
7. The Untold Story of the First Vaccine, SciShow YouTube Channel (accessed Jan 2021)
8. Geyser Tube on the Steve Spangler Science Store (accessed Jan 2021)
9. Kuntzleman, T. S.; Nydegger, M. W.; Shadley, B.; Doctor, N.; Campbell, D. J. Tribonucleation: A New Mechanism for Generating the Soda Geyser, J. Chem. Educ., 2018, 95, 1345-1349 (accessed Jan 2021)
Safety
General Safety
General Safety
For Laboratory Work: Please refer to the ACS Guidelines for Chemical Laboratory Safety in Secondary Schools (2016).
For Demonstrations: Please refer to the ACS Division of Chemical Education Safety Guidelines for Chemical Demonstrations.
Other Safety resources
RAMP: Recognize hazards; Assess the risks of hazards; Minimize the risks of hazards; Prepare for emergencies