M&M’s (Mars, Inc.) come in a number of colors and sizes. I have found them to be a good visual and kinesthetic model for examining the concept of isotopes and average atomic mass. I use Mega M&Ms, M&Ms minis, and regular M&M’s in this activity. All of these can be purchased in the candy or baking aisles of your local big box store. The color of the M&M’s represent that they are the same element and have the same number of protons. The size represents, in a relative sense, the different numbers of neutrons. I set up 6 stations around my room, each having a portable balance with a weigh boat and a baggie of sorted M&Ms. The make-up of each baggie is shown in Table 1.
| Station1 | Station 2 | Station 3 | Station 4 | Station 5 | Station 6 | |
|
Color → Size ↓ |
Red M&Ms | Red M&Ms |
Red M&Ms |
Blue M&Ms | Green M&Ms | Brown M&Ms |
| Mega M&Ms | 4 | 8 | 2 | 8 | 4 | 4 |
| Regular M&Ms | 16 | 32 | 8 | 16 | 32 | 16 |
| Mini M&Ms | 80 | 160 | 40 | 80 | 80 | 160 |
The numbers represent how many of that color and size M&M get included in that baggie. Stations 1, 2, and 3 will all have the same weighted average in the end because they have the same relative percentage of each size. They all have the same color M&M so that students view those as the same “atom”. Stations 4, 5, and 6 have different “isotopic ratios” so their average atomic mass will come out to be different, which is expected since they are different “elements” (represented by the different colors). It takes ~ 2 hours of teacher prep time to go shopping, count and sort the M&M’s into baggies. Set out the baggies and portable balances prior to students entering the room if possible.
Students particularly like it when I allow them to eat the orange and yellow M&Ms at the end of the activity. These colors come in the bag, but are not used during the activity. I am not comfortable allowing students to eat the candy from the baggies since so many students have handled these candies.
I have seen an activity on the web similar to this that uses plain and peanut M&Ms, but it has been my experience that students don’t connect the colors being the same element since those have different “insides”. Students seem to connect this model to atoms better in my experience – more chocolate equals more neutrons, but the same color candy shell means the same element. In addition, by using different sized M&Ms instead of just plain and peanut, I can have three “isotopes” in the sample instead of just two.
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Safety
General Safety
General Safety
For Laboratory Work: Please refer to the ACS Guidelines for Chemical Laboratory Safety in Secondary Schools (2016).
For Demonstrations: Please refer to the ACS Division of Chemical Education Safety Guidelines for Chemical Demonstrations.
Other Safety resources
RAMP: Recognize hazards; Assess the risks of hazards; Minimize the risks of hazards; Prepare for emergencies
NGSS
Modeling in 9–12 builds on K–8 and progresses to using, synthesizing, and developing models to predict and show relationships among variables between systems and their components in the natural and designed worlds.
Modeling in 9–12 builds on K–8 and progresses to using, synthesizing, and developing models to predict and show relationships among variables between systems and their components in the natural and designed worlds. Use a model to predict the relationships between systems or between components of a system.
Constructing explanations and designing solutions in 9–12 builds on K–8 experiences and progresses to explanations and designs that are supported by multiple and independent student-generated sources of evidence consistent with scientific ideas, principles, and theories.
Constructing explanations and designing solutions in 9–12 builds on K–8 experiences and progresses to explanations and designs that are supported by multiple and independent student-generated sources of evidence consistent with scientific ideas, principles, and theories. Construct and revise an explanation based on valid and reliable evidence obtained from a variety of sources (including students’ own investigations, models, theories, simulations, peer review) and the assumption that theories and laws that describe the natural world operate today as they did in the past and will continue to do so in the future.